Chart of Narration

 Narration

Rules of changing narration

If the direct narration’s reporting verb is in the past form, then the indirect narration’s reported speech will change following these rules.

Direct narration	Indirect narration
Present indefinite tense[SUB+V1+OBJ] Example: He said to me, “I know you.”	Past indefinite tense[sub+v2+obj] Example: He told me that he knew me.
Present continuous tense[sub +am/is/are+v+ing+obj] Example: He said to me,” I am going to school”.	Past continuous tense [sub+was/were+v+ing+obj] Example: He told me that he was going to school.
Present perfect tense [sub+ have/has+v3+obj] Example: Mira said to me,” I have done the work.”	Past perfect tense[sub+had+v3+obj] Example: Mira told me that she (Mira) had done the work.
Present perfect continuous tense [sub+have been/has been+v1+ing+obj] Example: Robin said,” It has been raining for two hours.”	Past perfect continuous [sub+ had been+v3+obj] Example: Robin said that it had been raining for two hours.
Past indefinite tense[sub+v2+obj] Example: Mina said to me, “I went to Dhaka.”	Past perfect tense[sub+had+v3+obj] Example: Mina told me that she (M) had gone to Dhaka.
Past continuous tense[sub+was/were+v+ing+obj] Example: Sochi said,” I was playing football on the ground.”	Past perfect continuous tense[sub+had been+v3+obj] Example: Sochi said that she(s) had been playing football on the ground.
Past perfect tense[sub+had+v3+obj] Example: She said,” I had completed my lessons before I went to bed.”	Past perfect tense[sub+had+v3+obj] Example: She said that she had completed her lessons before she went to bed.
Past perfect continuous tense[sub+had been+v1+ing+for+obj] Example: He said,” I had been suffering from a fever for three days.”	Past perfect continuous tens [sub+had been+v1+ing+for+obj] Example: He said that he had been suffering from a fever for three days.
Future tense[shall/will/shall be/will be/shall have/will have] Example: She said,” I shall do the work.”	Future in the form of past tense[should/would/should be/would be------] Example: She said that she would do the work.

 

Transformation

 CHART OF TRANSFORMATION

	Simple	Complex	Compound
1	Verb+ ing A. Doing the work, he will help me. B. Having written the letter, I posted it.	When/since/as A. When he will do the work, he will help me. B. When I had written the letter, I posted it.	And/ And so A. He will do the work and help me. B. I had written the letter and posted it.
2	Being Being ill, I can’t do the work.	When/since/as Since I am ill, I can’t do the work.	And /and so I am ill and can’t do the work.
3	Because of +verb+ ing /noun Because of illness, I can’t help him.	Since/as/because Since I am ill, I can’t help him.	And/ and so I am ill and so I can’t help him.
4	To+v1/ infinitive We try hard to prosper in life.	So that We try hard so that we can prosper in life.	Want/ wanted+ and We want to prosper in life and we try hard.
5	In spite of/ despite +noun + verb + ing Despite being poor, he bought a computer.	Though/although Although he was poor, he bought a computer.	But He was poor but he bought a computer.
6	By + verb + ing / N .P By running fast, you can catch the bus.	If If you run fast, you can catch the bus.	Imperative + and Run fast and you can catch the bus.
7	Without + verb  +ing / N.P A. Without working hard, you can’t be a great man. B. Without doing so, you will die.	Unless /if not A. you can’t be a great man if you don't work hard. B. If you do not do it, you will die.	Imperative + or A. Work hard or you can’t be a great man. B. Do or die.
8	Noun/pronoun(me,you,us,him, Her, them)+verb+ing A. I saw Habib playing cricket. B. I saw him going to the field.	…..when +sub + verb Or, who + verb A. I saw Habib when he was playing cricket. B. I saw him when he was going to the field.	And A. I saw Habib and he was playing cricket. B. I saw him and he was going to the field.
9	Noun/ pronoun + verb + ing I found a bird sleeping on a tree.	…when +sub + verb Or, which +verb I found a bird when it was sleeping on a tree.	And I found a bird and it was sleeping on a tree.
10	Too….to+v1 Rifa is too weak to work hard.	So…. +that…… Rifa is so weak that she cannot work hard.	Very…..and/ so Rifa is very weak so she can’t work hard.
11	Sub+tobe+ very +adj +noun Rajib is a good boy.	….who/ which +verb + adjective Rajib is a boy who is good.	And Rajib is a boy and he is good.
12	If the adjective qualifies the subject A. Unity is strength. B. She is a beautiful girl. C. Health is wealth.	Sub+ verb+ noun+ relative pronoun+ tobe+ adjective A. It is unity which is strength. B. She is a girl who is beautiful. C. It is health which is wealth.	And A. It is unity and it is strength. B. She is a girl and she is beautiful. C. It is health and that is wealth.
13	In, on,at+time word A. Sadaf went to kuakata at eight. B. I was in Dhaka in 1971. C. He woke up at the time of rain.	When+subordinate clause. A.Sadaf went to kuakata when he was eight. B. When it was 1971, I was in Dhaka. C. When it was raining, I woke up.	And A.Sadaf was eight and he went to kuakata. B. It was 1971 and I was in Dhaka. C. He woke up, and it was raining.
14	Besides being Besides being punctual Mr. Rahim is sincere.	When When Mr. Rahim is punctual, he is sincere.	Not only ------but also Mr. Rahim is not only punctual but also sincere.

 

 

 

Understanding And Overcoming Adult Depression

 

At any point in your life, you may experience feelings of sadness, depression, or upset. You may feel exhausted, weak, and alone. Depression can stem from various causes like family crises, loss of loved ones, financial difficulties, or a traumatic childhood. It can also be hereditary. Typically, these feelings last between 2-3 days, but sometimes, they can last up to 15 days. When it persists for more than 15 days, it becomes a severe problem. Depression can be influenced by personal values, language, and culture.

 

Depression can cause the following problems:

•       You will feel ill-fated, and depressed, especially in the morning.

•       You will lose communication with your friends and loved ones.

•       You will feel indecisive and disappointed.

•       You will lose confidence and feel guilty.

•       You will be restless, anxious, and agitated.

•       You will lose interest in eating.

 

Additionally, depression can cause physical problems such as:

•       You will feel tired, weak, and lack the energy to walk.

•       You will have trouble sleeping and staying awake at night.

•       You will experience headaches and stomach problems.

•       You may overeat, leading to weight gain.

•       You may eat unnecessary food, such as junk food.

 

Others may notice a change in you, such as:

•       You are unable to focus on work and make mistakes.

•       You are unusually quiet and avoid people.

•       You are anxious and irritable.

•       You neglect personal hygiene and wear dirty clothes.

•       You do not keep your house clean.

•       You complain of vague physical problems.

 

Depression often develops slowly, and you may not even realize you are experiencing it. You may feel tired, and unable to eat. You can not perform daily tasks. It is essential to consult a doctor and seek help from loved ones. In most cases, people can overcome depression independently, but sometimes, professional help is necessary.

 

Here are some ways to overcome depression:

•       Talk openly with loved ones.

•       Increase your activity level, such as walking, exercising, or gardening.

•       Eat and sleep according to the routine. Try to eat nutritious food. Add colorful fruits and veggies  to your daily diet

•       Avoid drugs and alcohol.

•       Engage in soothing activities like massage, aromatherapy, or yoga.

•       Read about depression in books or online.

•       Engage in enjoyable hobbies.

•       Take care of yourself and go outside.

•       Consult a psychiatrist or psychologist if necessary.

 

Above all, take care of yourself. Eat nutritious food, sleep regularly, exercise, and follow your doctor's advice. Lead a happy life.

 

 

GET RID OF FATTY LIVER

 

                                            

 The liver naturally contains some fat. Fatty liver occurs when the amount of fat increases. Generally fatty liver does not cause problems. The liver naturally overcomes the problems on itself. But in 7%-30% of people, it becomes fatal. 3 stages of fatty liver. Like grade 1, grade 2, grade 3. When liver cells become a little white, it is grade 1. If it is whiter then it turns into 2nd grade. Grade 3 is when liver cells become whiter than kidneys. Fatty liver is mainly caused by two reasons. First, those who drink alcohol regularly. It's called alcoholic fatty liver. Second, an uncontrolled lifestyle is also unhealthy eating habits. It is called a non-alcoholic fatty liver.

Causes of fatty liver

•             Fatty liver is more likely if you are Asian or Hispanic.

•             If you have stopped menstruating.

•             If you are overweight.

•             If you have high blood pressure. If blood cholesterol is high. If you have sleep apnea.

•             Having type 2 diabetes.

•             And if you get much steroid.

Symptoms of fatty liver

Fatty livers often have no symptoms. Fatty livers are usually detected during an ultrasound for another disease. If you have a fatty liver, you will experience the following problems.:

•             Abdominal pain or heaviness in the right side of the abdomen.

•             Nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss.

•             Yellow skin, yellowish whites of the eye.

•             Abdominal or leg edema.

•             Fatigue and extreme weakness.

Test to diagnose  fatty liver

Fatty liver has no symptoms. The following tests will be given by the doctor.

•             Blood test:  Elevated high level of liver enzymes.

•             Ultrasound or CT scan: To get a picture.

•             Liver biopsy: To determine how far liver disease is.

•             Fibroscan: To find out the amount of fat scar tissue.

Fatty liver treatment and prevention

Fatty liver can be prevented and remedied by lifestyle changes. By following the below steps you will get the benefit.

•             Avoiding alcohol.

•             Losing weight.

•             Avoiding milk-based products.

•             Eat more foods rich in vitamins and minerals.

•             Colorful vegetables should be included in the daily diet. Such as beets, carrots, sweet pumpkin, beans, beets, and broccoli.

•             Taking Good quality protein.

•             Eating a boiled egg per day.

•             Seasonal fruits are included in your diet.

•             Eat less food with extra oil and spices.

•             Take medication as prescribed.

The liver has an amazing ability to rebuild itself. Just control your weight and avoid alcohol. And enjoy a healthy life.